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Strong Declension

Page history last edited by David 14 years, 4 months ago

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-1-X.html#Got01_GP03

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-3-X.html#Got03_GP11

 

 

The a-ja-wa-stem nouns are typically masculine or neuter. Boxes with -- means that the case drops the stem marker (-a) and that there is not a suffix added.

 

 

a-stems

  SINGULAR  
  masculine neuter
N -s --
A -- --
G -is -is
D -a -a
  PLURAL  
  masculine neuter
N -os -a
A -ns -a
G -e -e
D -am -am

 

ja-stems

  SINGULAR  
  masculine neuter
N -i -i
A -i -i
G -is -is
D -a -a
  PLURAL  
  masculine neuter
N -os -a
A -ns -a
G -e -e
D -am -am

 

wa-stems

  SINGULAR  
  masculine neuter
N w->u -s w->u --
A w->u -- w->u --
G -is -is
D -a -a
  PLURAL  
  masculine neuter
N -os -a
A -ns -a
G -e -e
D -am -am

The -w- of the stem ending changes to -u- in both the nominative and accusative. However, the nominative receives -s and the accusative does not.

 


o-jo-wo-stems

All of the nouns of this class are feminine.

 

  Singular Plural
N -a/-a; -i/-a -ós
A -a -ós
G -ós
D -ái -óm

 

The nominative singular is the only case with a different suffix for each type of stem. The o-stem has -a; the jo-stem has two suffixes: -a is used with most nouns while -i is used with nouns containing -nd-; and the wo-stems have -a. If the o-jo-wo-stem has -áu- for a nucleus, the nucleus becomes -aw- for the nominative singular ONLY. For example, the nominative singular mawi is actually máujó as a stem. Then, for all other cases, the stem reverts back to the stems original form. Nominative singular jo-stems with -nd- lose the -j- element of the stem marker, while all other cases retain it. For example, bandjó "band/bond" becomes the nom. sg. bandi.

 


i-stems

Several nouns have stems ending in i. As mentioned above, this does not lead to regular umlaut of the root vowel as it does in other Germanic languages such as Old Norse and Old English. The nouns gards 'court', staþs 'place', and gasts 'guest' illustrate the masculine forms of the i-declension; ansts 'grace', faheþs 'joy', and qens 'woman' illustrate the feminine forms.

 

  SINGULAR  
  Masculine Feminine
N -s -s
A -- --
G -is -áis
D -a -ái
  PLURAL  
  Masculine Feminine
N -eis -eis
A -ins -ins
G -e -e
D -im -im

 

WG i-stems with diphthong nuclei may co-mingle with the o-stem declension in plurals.

If the stem ends with -d- directly after a vowel, the consonant becomes -þ- in the nominative and accusative singular ONLY.

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-2-X.html#Got02_GP07

 

u-stems

The u-stem nouns appear in all genders, though there are few remnants of neuter forms.

 

  SINGULAR    
  Masculine Feminine Neuter
N -us -us -u
A -u -u -u
G -áus -áus -áus
D -áu -áu -áu
  PLURAL    
N -jus -jus -u
A -uns -uns -u
G -iwe -iwe -áus
D -um -um -áu

 

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-2-X.html#Got02_GP07_02

 


 

Various Strong Declensions

r-stems

 

  SINGULAR  
  Masculine Feminine
N bróþar daúhtar
A bróþar daúhtar
G bróþrs daúhtrs
D bróþr daúhtr
  PLURAL  
N bróþrjus daúhtrjus
A bróþruns daúhtuns
G bróþre daúhtre
D bróþrum daúhtrum

 

All r-stems come from PIE directly, thus are all familial in relation, with grammatical gender following natural gender. The word fadar does not decline and is only used in a vocative sense; the word atta is used everywhere else.

 

nd-stems and k-stems

The nd-stems are some of the easiest of the strong declensions. They all derive from the present participle formation and are used as substantives. These nouns are generally masculine. The k-stems are also masculine, but may have some exceptions, however, the declension does not change. All of these nouns are typically masculine.

 

  SINGULAR PLURAL
N -s -s
A -- -s
G -is -e
D -- -am

 

þ-stems and t-stems

 

þ-stems    
  SINGULAR  
  Masculine Feminine
N -s s
A -- --
G -s þ->d-s
D -- --
  PLURAL  
  Masculine Feminine
N -s -s
A -s -s
G -e -e
D -um -im

Notice that -þ- becomes -d- for the feminine genitive singular.

 

t-stems  
  SINGULAR
  Feminine
N -s
A --
G -s
D --
  PLURAL
  Feminine
N -s
A -s
G -e
D -am

The t-stem declension can also be used for other stems that have otherwise not been mentioned. These nouns are usually feminine.

 

n-stems

 

  SINGULAR
  Neuter
N --
A --
G -ins
D -in
  PLURAL
  Neuter
N --
A --
G -ins
D -in

Nucleus -o- ->-u-

 

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