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Comparatives, Superlatives, and Intensives

Page history last edited by David 14 years, 8 months ago

 

 

The comparative of adjectives is formed by addition of the suffix -iz or -óz between the stem and case ending. The superlative is derived by addition of the suffix -st or -óst between the stem and case ending.

 

Meaning
Positive
Comeparative
Superlative
'much, many' manags managiza managists
'wise'
fróþs
fródóza
 
'poor'
arms
  armósts
'strong'
swinþs
swinþóza
 
'old'
alþeis
alþiza
 
'sweet'
suts
sutiza
sutists
'hard'
hardus
hardiza
 
'high'
háuhs
  háuhists

þ>d  after vowels.

 

 

As with the positive degree, the superlative degree declines either strong or weak according to the requirements of context. The superlative, however, does not take the alternate pronominal ending -ata in the neuter singular nominative or accusative. The comparative, by contrast, only assumes weak adjectival endings, regardless of context. The only difference between comparative endings and general weak adjectival endings occurs in the feminine: the feminine declines like the īn-stem managei, rather than tuggo. The adjective júhisa 'younger', from juggs 'young', serves to illustrate comparative declension.

 

Singular
Comparative
Masculine
Neuter
Feminine

N

A

G

D

júhiza

júhizan

júhizins

júhizin

júhizo

júhizo

júhizins

júhizin

júhizei

júhizein

júhizeins

júhizein

Plural

N

A

G

D

júhizans

júhizans

júhizane

júhizam

júhizóna

júhizóna

júhizane

júhizam

júhizeins

júhizeins

júhizeino

júhizeim

 

 

 

Several adjectives are members of suppletive systems, whereby the positive forms derive from a base different than that of the comparative and superlative. A few of the most common such adjectives appear below. The superlative sinista generally translates Greek presbúteros 'elder': þái sinistans 'the elders'.

 

Meaning
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
good
góþs
batiza
batists
little
leitils
minniza
minnists
great
mikils
máiza
máists
old
sineigs
  sinista
evil
ubils
wairsiza
 

 

 

 

Intensive adjectives are formed by addition of the ending -(t)uma. These formations inflect like comparatives, but they generally do not mark any specific comparison. These have a superlative formed by adding -(t)umist between the stem and case ending.

 

Intensive
Meaning
Superlative
Meaning

aftuma

auhuma

fruma

'later, following'

'high'

'former, prior'

aftumists

auh(u)mists

frumists

hindumists

'last'

'highist'

'first'

'hindmost, uttermost'

hleiduma

iftuma

innuma

miduma

'the left'

'next, following'

'inner'

'middle'

*hleidumists

*iftumists

*innumists

*midumists

spedumists

 

 

 

 

'last, latest'

* hypothetical, but implied.

 

Compare af-tuma to Lat. op-timus, as well as in-timus and Sanskrit án-tamas. Likewise compare the formation of ordinals such as Lat. septimus, Sanskrit saptamás.

The dative case is used in conjunction with a comparative to denote the standard of reference or comparison, as denoted by the Modern English 'than'. For example, swinþo mis 'mightier than me'.

 

 

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-4-X.html#Got04_GP17_02

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