Adverbs
Wistra Gutisk employs various mechanisms for deriving adverbs. A few of these methods are described below.
Genitive case. Nouns may stand in the genitive and adverbially qualify a clause as a whole, rather than qualify a specific noun. Examples are allis 'in general, wholly'; and-wairþis 'over against'; nahts 'at night'; raihtis 'however, indeed'.
Suffix -ba. This suffix generally derives adverbs of manner from associated adjectives. For example, agluba 'with difficulty'; ana-láugniba 'secretly'; bairtaba 'brightly'; báitraba 'bitterly'; balþaba 'boldly'; ga-temiba 'fitly'; glaggwaba, glaggwuba 'diligently, precisely'; hardaba, harduba 'grievously'; háuhaba 'highly'; ƕassaba 'sharply'; manwuba 'in readiness'; mikilaba 'greatly'; raihtaba 'rightly'; sunjaba 'truly'; ubilaba 'evilly'.
Suffix -ō. This suffix frequently derives adverbs from adjectives. For example, and-áugjō 'openly'; ana-leikō 'in like manner'; ga-leikō 'like'; glaggwō 'diligently'; sinteinō 'continually'; sniumundō 'quickly'; spráutō 'quickly'; þiubjō 'secretly'; þridjō 'for the third time'; úhteigō 'in season'. This suffix is found with other adverbs, e.g. aftarō 'behind'; auftō 'perhaps, surely'; missō 'one another'; sundrō 'asunder'; ufarō 'above'; undarō 'beneath'.
Suffix -ē. This suffix occurs less frequently than the others. Examples are simlē 'once'; swarē 'in vain'.
Negation, Affirmation, and Interrogation
The adverb corresponding to Modern English 'Yes.' is ja or jái; that corresponding to Modern English 'No.' is ne. The adverb ni 'no' is the general negative adverb within statements.
The adverb -u is a post-positive particle marking questions, much the same as Latin -ne. For example, skuldu ist? 'is it lawful?' This adverb may also intervene between prefix and base, as in ga-u-láubjats 'do ye two believe?' Other interrogative particles are the following: an 'then'; ibái, requiring a negative answer; ja-u 'whether'; ni-u 'not'; nuh 'then'; þáu 'or', in the second of two alternative questions.
Temporal Adverbs
Adverbs denoting time are generally simple adverbs or are nouns or noun phrases in an oblique case. Examples of simple adverbs are the following: áir 'early'; aftra 'again'; ƕan 'when'; ju 'already'; nauh 'still'; nu 'now'; þan 'then'; ufta 'often'. Examples involving oblique nominal forms are the following: dagis ƕizuh 'day by day'; du maurgina 'tomorrow'; fram himma nu 'henceforth'; gistra-dagis 'tomorrow'; himma daga 'today'.
When denoting time, simple adverbs, nouns, or noun phrases is an oblique case is used.
Local Adverbs
There are a few common, simple adverbs referring to location or motion. These are faur 'before'; inn 'in, within'; iup 'upwards'; nēƕ 'near, close by'; út 'out, forth'.
A number of suffixes are used to form adverbs expressing location or differing types or directions of motion. These are listed below.
When referring to location or motion, these simple adverbs can be used:
Faur = before
Inn = in, within
Iup = above
Nehw = near, close by
Út = out, forth
Suffixes expressing location or differing types of direction of motion include:
-a. Denotes a stationary location.
Afta = behind
Dalaþa = below
Faura = before
Inna = within
Iupa = above
Uta = without
-dre. Denotes motion toward a place.
Hidre = hither
Hwadre = whither
Jaindre = thither
-na. Denotes motion from a place.
Aftana = from behind
Hindana = from behind
Innana = from within
Iupana = from above
Útana = from without
-o. Denotes stationary location.
Aftaro = behind
Ufaro = above
Undaro = beneath
-r. Denotes stationary location.
Her = here
Hwar = where
Jáinar = yonder
Þar = there
-þ -d. Denote motion toward a place.
Aljaþ = in another direction
Dalaþ = down
Hwaþ = whither
Jaind = thither
Samaþ = to the same place
-þro. Denotes motion from a place.
Aljaþro = from elsewhere
Allaþro = from all directions
Dalaþro = from below
Faírraþro = from afar
Hwaþro = whence
Innaþro = from within
Iupaþro = from above
Jáinþro = thence
Þaþro = thence
Comparison Adverbs
The comparative degree of adverbs generally ends in -(i)s or -os. Examples are áiris 'earlier'; faurþis 'beforehand'; framis 'further'; haldis 'rather'; háuhis 'higher'; máis 'more'; nēƕis 'nearer'; mins 'less'; wairs 'worse'; aljaleikos 'otherwise'; sniumundos 'with more haste'.
The typical comparative ends in -(i)s or -os.
Áiris = earlier
Faurþis = beforehand
Háuhis = higher
Máis = more
Nehwis = nearer
Mins = less
Aljaleikos = otherwise
Sniumundos = with more haste
The superlative degree ends in -ist. Few superlative adverbs are attested: frumist 'first of all'; máist 'at most'.
The superlative adverb ends in -ist.
Frumist = first of all
Háuhist = highest
Comments (0)
You don't have permission to comment on this page.