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Adverbs

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Adverbs

 

Wistra Gutisk employs various mechanisms for deriving adverbs. A few of these methods are described below.

 

Genitive case. Nouns may stand in the genitive and adverbially qualify a clause as a whole, rather than qualify a specific noun. Examples are allis 'in general, wholly'; and-wairþis 'over against'; nahts 'at night'; raihtis 'however, indeed'.

 

Suffix -ba. This suffix generally derives adverbs of manner from associated adjectives. For example, agluba 'with difficulty'; ana-láugniba 'secretly'; bairtaba 'brightly'; báitraba 'bitterly'; balþaba 'boldly'; ga-temiba 'fitly'; glaggwaba, glaggwuba 'diligently, precisely'; hardaba, harduba 'grievously'; háuhaba 'highly'; ƕassaba 'sharply'; manwuba 'in readiness'; mikilaba 'greatly'; raihtaba 'rightly'; sunjaba 'truly'; ubilaba 'evilly'.

 

Suffix -ō. This suffix frequently derives adverbs from adjectives. For example, and-áugjō 'openly'; ana-leikō 'in like manner'; ga-leikō 'like'; glaggwō 'diligently'; sinteinō 'continually'; sniumundō 'quickly'; spráutō 'quickly'; þiubjō 'secretly'; þridjō 'for the third time'; úhteigō 'in season'. This suffix is found with other adverbs, e.g. aftarō 'behind'; auftō 'perhaps, surely'; missō 'one another'; sundrō 'asunder'; ufarō 'above'; undarō 'beneath'.

 

Suffix -ē. This suffix occurs less frequently than the others. Examples are simlē 'once'; swarē 'in vain'.

 

Negation, Affirmation, and Interrogation

 

The adverb corresponding to Modern English 'Yes.' is ja or jái; that corresponding to Modern English 'No.' is ne. The adverb ni 'no' is the general negative adverb within statements.

 

The adverb -u is a post-positive particle marking questions, much the same as Latin -ne. For example, skuldu ist? 'is it lawful?' This adverb may also intervene between prefix and base, as in ga-u-láubjats 'do ye two believe?' Other interrogative particles are the following: an 'then'; ibái, requiring a negative answer; ja-u 'whether'; ni-u 'not'; nuh 'then'; þáu 'or', in the second of two alternative questions.

 

Temporal Adverbs

 

Adverbs denoting time are generally simple adverbs or are nouns or noun phrases in an oblique case. Examples of simple adverbs are the following: áir 'early'; aftra 'again'; ƕan 'when'; ju 'already'; nauh 'still'; nu 'now'; þan 'then'; ufta 'often'. Examples involving oblique nominal forms are the following: dagis ƕizuh 'day by day'; du maurgina 'tomorrow'; fram himma nu 'henceforth'; gistra-dagis 'tomorrow'; himma daga 'today'.

 

When denoting time, simple adverbs, nouns, or noun phrases is an oblique case is used.

 

Local Adverbs

 

There are a few common, simple adverbs referring to location or motion. These are faur 'before'; inn 'in, within'; iup 'upwards'; nēƕ 'near, close by'; út 'out, forth'.

 

A number of suffixes are used to form adverbs expressing location or differing types or directions of motion. These are listed below.

 

When referring to location or motion, these simple adverbs can be used:

Faur = before

Inn = in, within

Iup = above

Nehw = near, close by

Út = out, forth

 

Suffixes expressing location or differing types of direction of motion include:

-a. Denotes a stationary location.

Afta = behind

Dalaþa = below

Faura = before

Inna = within

Iupa = above

Uta = without

 

-dre. Denotes motion toward a place.

Hidre = hither

Hwadre = whither

Jaindre = thither

 

-na. Denotes motion from a place.

Aftana = from behind

Hindana = from behind

Innana = from within

Iupana = from above

Útana = from without

 

-o. Denotes stationary location.

Aftaro = behind

Ufaro = above

Undaro = beneath

 

-r. Denotes stationary location.

Her = here

Hwar = where

Jáinar = yonder

Þar = there

 

-þ -d. Denote motion toward a place.

Aljaþ = in another direction

Dalaþ = down

Hwaþ = whither

Jaind = thither

Samaþ = to the same place

 

-þro. Denotes motion from a place.

Aljaþro = from elsewhere

Allaþro = from all directions

Dalaþro = from below

Faírraþro = from afar

Hwaþro = whence

Innaþro = from within

Iupaþro = from above

Jáinþro = thence

Þaþro = thence

 

Comparison Adverbs

 

The comparative degree of adverbs generally ends in -(i)s or -os. Examples are áiris 'earlier'; faurþis 'beforehand'; framis 'further'; haldis 'rather'; háuhis 'higher'; máis 'more'; nēƕis 'nearer'; mins 'less'; wairs 'worse'; aljaleikos 'otherwise'; sniumundos 'with more haste'.

 

The typical comparative ends in -(i)s or -os.

Áiris = earlier

Faurþis = beforehand

Háuhis = higher

Máis = more

Nehwis = nearer

Mins = less

Aljaleikos = otherwise

Sniumundos = with more haste

 

The superlative degree ends in -ist. Few superlative adverbs are attested: frumist 'first of all'; máist 'at most'.

 

The superlative adverb ends in -ist.

Frumist = first of all

Háuhist = highest

 

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